english

⏳ Prepositions of Time (At, On, In)

We use specific prepositions depending on how precise the time is.

AT Very Specific

🕒 Clock times: at 7:00, at 10:30
🌙 Points of day: at noon, at midnight, at night
🎉 Holiday Periods: at Eid, at Christmas
🔚 Fixed Phrases: at the weekend, at present

للساعات، أوقات محددة، والأعياد

ON Specific Days

📅 Days: on Monday, on Friday
📆 Dates: on July 4th, on 1st May
🎂 Special Days: on my birthday
🌅 Day + Part: on Sunday morning

للأيام، التواريخ، والمناسبات الخاصة

IN General / Long

🗓️ Months/Years: in May, in 2025
🍂 Seasons: in summer, in winter
☀️ Parts of day: in the morning, in the evening
⏳ Duration: in 5 minutes (future)

للشهور، السنوات، الفترات الطويلة

🧠 Rule Summary: Think of a Triangle.

IN is the top (Broad/General: Years, Months).

ON is the middle (More Specific: Days, Dates).

AT is the bottom point (Very Specific: Exact Hours).

قاعدة المثلث: "IN" للعام، "ON" للأيام، "AT" للساعات المحددة.

⚠️ Common Exceptions

We say in the morning / afternoon / evening.

BUT we say at night.

نقول "in the morning" ولكن "at night".

📢 Reported Speech

Tell someone what another person said. Tenses usually shift back into the past.

Present Simple → Past Simple

Direct: "I work hard."

Reported: He said that he worked hard.

قال إنه عمل بجد.

Present Continuous → Past Continuous

Direct: "I am working."

Reported: He said that he was working.

قال إنه كان يعمل.

Will → Would

Direct: "I will call you."

Reported: He said that he would call me.

قال إنه سيتصل بي.

🔄 Conditionals

First Conditional (Real Future)

Structure: If + Present Simple, ... Will + Verb

Example: If he studies, he will pass.

إذا درس، سوف ينجح (احتمال حقيقي).

Second Conditional (Unreal)

Structure: If + Past Simple, ... Would + Verb

Example: If I were a lawyer, I would defend him.

لو كنت محامياً، لدافعت عنه (تخيل/غير حقيقي).

⚙️ Passive Voice

Focuses on the action, not the doer.
Structure: Be + Past Participle (V3)

Active: The police arrested the suspect.

Passive: The suspect was arrested (by the police).

تم القبض على المشتبه به.

🔗 Relative Clauses

Word	Use	Example
Who	People	The man who called me. الرجل الذي...
Which	Things	The book which I read. الكتاب الذي...
Where	Places	The city where I live. المدينة التي...

🏃 Gerund vs Infinitive

Gerund (Verb + ing)

Used after: enjoy, avoid, suggest, finish, mind

I enjoy swimming.

أستمتع بالسباحة.

Infinitive (To + Verb)

Used after: want, decide, need, hope, promise

I want to swim.

أريد أن أسبح.

⚡ Inversion (Advanced)

Normal: I have never seen such a case.

Inverted: Never have I seen such a case.

لم يسبق لي قط أن رأيت مثل هذه القضية.

📧 Professional Email

1. Subject Line

Request for Updated Sales Report

الموضوع: طلب تقرير المبيعات المحدث

2. Greeting

Dear Mr./Ms. [Name],

عزيزي السيد/السيدة...

3. CTA (Call to Action)

Could you please send me the file by tomorrow?

هل يمكنك إرسال الملف بحلول الغد؟

4. Sign-off

Sincerely, / Kind regards,

مع خالص التحيات،

⚖️ Clauses of Contrast

Although / Even though

Although it was raining, we went out.

رغم أنها كانت تمطر، خرجنا.

However

It was raining. However, we went out.

كانت تمطر. ومع ذلك، خرجنا.

🤝 CRM Vocabulary

Lead Management	Tracking potential customers.	إدارة العملاء
Retention	Keeping existing customers.	الحفاظ على العملاء
Upselling	Encouraging buying expensive items.	البيع الإضافي

⚖️ Legal Vocabulary

English	Arabic
Defendant	المدعى عليه / المتهم
Verdict	حكم المحكمة
Prosecutor	المدعي العام
To appeal	يستأنف الحكم
Criminal Responsibility	المسؤولية الجنائية
Judge	القاضي

👨‍👩‍👧‍👦 Family & Adjectives

Relatives

Parents (الوالدين)
Siblings (الإخوة)
Cousins (أبناء العم/الخال)

Adjectives

Kind: Cares about others (لطيف)
Smart: Learns quickly (ذكي)
Funny: Makes people laugh (مضحك)

📏 Comparatives

Adjective	Comparative	Superlative
Fast	Faster	The fastest
Expensive	More expensive	The most expensive
Good	Better	The Best

المقارنة (بين شيئين) والتفضيل (بين مجموعة).